| Geotextiles | Carded staple-fiber web or continuous-filament web | Needle-punched; some products are spunbonded | About 100–1,000 g/m² | Soil separation, drainage, filtration, and protection in civil engineering projects |
| Air and liquid filter media | Carded staple fibers or melt-spun filaments | Thermal bonding, needle punching, or resin bonding | About 20–300 g/m² | Filter layers in HVAC systems, industrial dust collection, and liquid filtration |
| Automotive interior materials | Carded staple-fiber web or spunbond web | Needle punching, thermal bonding, or lamination | About 50–500 g/m² | Carpet backing, trunk liners, headliners, and interior trim components |
| Roofing and construction substrates | Continuous-filament spunbond web | Thermal bonding, often followed by coating or lamination | About 40–200 g/m² | Reinforcement and carrier layers in roofing membranes and building products |
| Cleaning wipes | Carded staple-fiber web | Hydroentanglement (spunlace) | About 30–100 g/m² | Dry and wet wipes for household, institutional, and industrial cleaning |
| Apparel interlinings | Carded staple-fiber web or spunbond web | Thermal bonding or resin bonding | About 20–100 g/m² | Fusible and sew-in support layers for garments, collars, and cuffs |
| Furniture and bedding components | Carded staple-fiber web | Needle punching or thermal bonding | About 60–500 g/m² | Upholstery backing, mattress layers, cushioning covers, and dust covers |
| Building insulation and acoustic layers | Carded staple-fiber web | Thermal bonding or needle punching | About 100–800 g/m² | Thermal insulation, sound absorption, and interior lining systems |
| Artificial-leather backing | Carded staple-fiber web | Needle punching, followed by coating or lamination | About 80–300 g/m² | Backing layers for coated fabrics used in footwear, bags, and upholstery |
| Lightweight packaging and protective covers | Continuous-filament spunbond web | Thermal bonding | About 10–100 g/m² | Protective wrapping, dust covers, and reusable or disposable packaging layers |